Risk factors for executive function impairment in adolescence: an analysis of data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort study

Objective: To investigate risk factors associated with impaired attention-related executive functions (EFs) at age 11 and working memory at age 15. Methods: Data from participants of the population-based 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort at ages 11 (n=3,582) and 15 (n=1,950) were analyzed. The study measured attentional control, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention using the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch). Spatial working memory was assessed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Logistic regression was employed to explore the relationship between perinatal and childhood exposures and EF impairment. Results: Low maternal education had a significant negative impact on EFs. At age 11, it was associated with decreased attentional control (OR = 3.04; 95%CI 2.09-4.43), and at age 15, it was linked to impaired spatial working memory (OR = 2.21; 95%CI 1.58-3.09). Additional risk factors included low household income, black or brown maternal skin color, high parity, prematurity, low birth weight, and multiple siblings. Breastfeeding, regardless of duration, was found to be a protective factor against impaired cognitive flexibility (OR = 0.38; 95%CI 0.22-0.65). Conclusion: This study underscores the lasting impact of perinatal exposures on EF development. Policies that mitigate the negative effects of risk factors and promote EF development, especially among vulnerable populations, are needed.

Continuity of psychiatric disorders between 6 and 11 years of age in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort

Objective: To investigate the incidence and homotypic and heterotypic continuity of psychiatric disorders between ages 6 and 11. Methods: In 2004, all live births in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, were recorded (n=4,231). Psychiatric disorders were assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). SDQ subscale scores (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems) were categorized as normal or abnormal. To examine associations between problems over time, odds ratios were computed using logistic regression. Results: Any SDQ difficulty was observed in 350 children (10.4%, 95%CI 9.4-11.5) at age 6 and 476 (14.2%, 95%CI 13.0-15.4) at age 11, with a higher prevalence among boys at both ages. Between ages 6 and 11, there was a 50 and a 45% increase in the prevalence of emotional and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms, respectively. Among those who had any SDQ difficulty at age 6, that status persisted in 81% at age 11. We found homotypic continuity of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems. Conclusions: Our results indicate an increasing incidence of psychiatric disorders in this age group, with rates of disorders and continuity patterns similar to those observed in other studies.

"Pra mim, foi assim: homossexual, travesti e, hoje em dia, trans": performatividade trans, família e cuidado em saúde / "It was like this for me: homosexual, transvestite, and, now, trans": trans performativity, family, and health care

Resumo A transexualidade é uma experiência identitária que emerge como resposta inevitável a uma forma de organizar a vida social e, consequentemente, o cuidado em saúde com base na produção de sujeitos. Objetivamos compreender como um contexto identitário trans mobiliza, na articulação com família e serviço de saúde, performances identitárias. Realizamos uma etnografia com entrevista semiestruturada e observação participante em um ambulatório especializado no cuidado trans-específico no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), entre dezembro de 2017 e julho de 2018. Durante o estudo, destacou-se a história de Marilda, por seu caráter emblemático ao narrar a transição de "homem homossexual" para "travesti" e, atualmente, para "mulher trans", em uma performance identitária que almeja o reconhecimento e o pertencimento familiar, bem como o acesso à saúde, à educação e a uma profissão distante da prostituição. Sua história permite compreender que as pessoas trans constroem significados diversos para suas vivências identitárias, com elementos que podem reiterar o binarismo e a heteronormatividade. Torna-se importante reconhecer, no âmbito da família e da saúde, que diferentes performances identitárias são possíveis e que seus sentidos poderão compor o cuidado integral em saúde de cada pessoa trans.

Abstract Transsexuality is an identity experience that emerges as an inevitable response to a way of organizing social life and, consequently, health care based on the production of subjects. We aim to understand how a certain trans identity context mobilizes identity performances, in articulation with family and health service. We performed an ethnography with a semi-structured interview and participant observation in a health service specialized in trans-specific care in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), between December 2017 and July 2018. The story of Marilda was highlighted for being emblematic when narrating the transition from "homosexual man" to "transvestite" and, currently, to "trans woman," in an identity performance that aims for family recognition and belonging, access to health, education, and a profession other than prostitution. Her story allows us to understand that trans people construct different meanings for their identity experiences, with elements that can reiterate binarism and heteronormativity. It is important to recognize, within the family and health context, that different identity performances are possible and that their senses may compose the integral health care of each trans person.

Consumo de frutas e hortaliças por idosos de baixa renda na cidade de São Paulo / Fruit and vegetable intake among low income elderly in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar os fatores socioeconômicos e sociodemográficos associados ao consumo diário de cinco porções de frutas e hortaliças por idosos residentes em áreas de baixa renda, identificando as principais frutas e hortaliças que compõem a dieta desta população. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 2.066 idosos (>60 anos) de baixa renda residentes na cidade de São Paulo, SP, em 2003-2005. Para a avaliação do consumo de frutas e hortaliças foi aplicado questionário de freqüência alimentar. As respostas foram transformadas em consumo diário e comparadas às recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (consumo de cinco ou mais porções diárias). A relação entre consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças e variáveis socioeconômicas foi avaliada mediante modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Dos participantes, 60,5 por cento eram mulheres e 39,5 por cento homens. Cerca de um terço dos idosos (n=723; 35,0 por cento) não consumia diariamente nenhum tipo de fruta ou hortaliça e 19,8 por cento relataram consumo diário de cinco ou mais porções de frutas e hortaliças. Este consumo esteve positivamente associado à renda e à escolaridade. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de frutas e hortaliças de idosos de baixa renda do município de São Paulo mostrou-se insuficiente em relação às recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde e está associado a condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors associated with the daily intake of five servings of fruit and vegetables by elderly individuals living in low income areas, identifying the main fruits and vegetables which compose the diet of this population. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional population-based study with 2,066 low income elderly individuals (>60 years) living in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003-2005. To assess the fruit and vegetable intake a Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered. The answers were transformed into daily intake and compared with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (five or more servings per day). The relationship between recommended fruit and vegetable intake and socioeconomic variables was analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the participants, 60.5 percent were women and 39.5 percent were men. Approximately one third of the elders (n=723; 35.0 percent) did not consume any kind of fruit or vegetable on a daily basis and 19.8 percent reported a daily intake of five or more servings of fruits and vegetables. This intake was positively associated with income and years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: The fruit and vegetable intake of low income elderly individuals in the city of São Paulo was insufficient according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization and is associated with unfavorable socioeconomic conditions.

Desenvolvimento de um questionário de freqüência alimentar para o estudo de dieta e doenças não transmissíveis / Development of a food frequency questionnaire to study diet and non-communicable diseases in adult population

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um questionário de freqüência alimentar com o intuito de investigar possíveis relações entre dieta e doenças não transmissíveis. Foram estudados 200 indivíduos adultos, atendidos no ambulatório geral de um hospital cardiológico de São Paulo, SP. A lista de 98 alimentos do questionário de freqüência alimentar foi construída a partir de recordatórios de 24 horas, estimando-se a contribuição percentual de cada alimento para o consumo de energia e de 21 nutrientes. O questionário desenvolvido representou 96,8 por cento das calorias consumidas pela população estudada e ao menos 95 por cento da ingestão dos nutrientes selecionados. Uma vez adaptado e validado, esse questionário poderá ser utilizado em estudos epidemiológicos em populações adultas.